I was looking at FlightRadar24 and listening to ATC while an A380 took off from Dulles near DC. Not only did they warn for wake turbulence when the plane was already well away, they held other aircraft for a runway inspection after the plane took off. I'd imagine that kind of wake could kick up some significant debris on the ground as well.
I believe warning of wake turbulence is very common after take off of any large and heavy aircraft.
Wingtip vorticies can sit over a runway (or even drift over to parallel runways) for minutes after a takeoff. They are very dangerous to smaller aircrafts.
The key to avoiding vorticies is to take off at a point earlier than the previous aircraft and to climb at a steeper angle (vorticies travel behind and downwards from the aircraft that made them).
Helicopters. Indeed - there is a state known as "settling with power" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_ring_state where a helicopter is sitting inside its own vortex, and is incapable of climbing straight up with full power.
Another point related to its size: the 747 has thrust reversers on all four engines. The A380 only has them on the two innermost engines, because the wingspan is so wide those engines aren't always over the runway and have a higher chance of kicking up debris with reverse thrust.
The same would happen with any widebody, the displacement is enormous and it's one very good reason to nail down everything close to the ground in the path of these planes very well.
To be clear, that crash in Queens was 100% pilot error (and the plane allowing insane inputs). There was a little turbulence, but it was the extreme rudder movement that threw the plane around and tore off the tail.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_587
Is another example (though pilot error likely made a bad situation worse in that particular incident).