I’ve worked at places where the Java devs used Maven Central directly. I’ve also worked at a place where the Node devs use an on-premises copy of dependencies for builds and deploys.
It might not be as standard a practice in the Java world as you think.
Possibly Sonarqube Nexus. The Java devs at my workplace use Sonarqube along with Jenkins and Maven on the same server. I believe they communicate through the shared directory on the file system.
(Pet peeve: another product named "Nexus". Please choose original names for your software.)
It might not be as standard a practice in the Java world as you think.