All of the above are also deeply vulnerable to any pervasive, government-supported payment systems. For example Pix (Brazil), Bre-B (Colombia; this year), WeChat/AliPay (close-to-gov duopoly in China).

In this day and age, countries need not be beholden to the pile of duct tape that is the credit card system and its innumerate middle-men and inefficiencies.

This is a good thing.