John von Neumann -- December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957 (cancer) -- was a Hungarian and later American pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor and polymath. He made major contributions to a number of fields,[2] including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, and fluid dynamics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics. [1]

"A von Neumann biographer, Norman Macrae, has speculated that the cancer was caused by von Neumann's presence at the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests held in 1946 at Bikini Atoll." [2]

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann#Later_life